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Fluorides are absorbed Post Date: Sat, 18 Oct 2008 0:01:35 +0000 Incidental sources include food additives (e g, baking powder) that are contaminated with fluoride, and the ingestion of rodenticides and insec-ticides that contain fluoride compounds.Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion. Fluorides are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs, and the skin. Autor of the post: Undefined The relatively soluble compounds, such Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 23:46:36 +0000 The gastrointestinal tract is the major site of absorption. The degree of absorption of a fluoride compound is best correlated with its solubility. The relatively soluble compounds, such as sodium fluoride, are almost completely absorbed, whereas relatively insoluble compounds, such as cryolite (Na3AlFJ) and the fluoride found in bone meal (fluoroapatite), are poorly absorbed. Autor of the post: Undefined Pulmonary inhalation of fluoride present Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 23:28:17 +0000 Certain dietary cations (e g, calcium and iron) retard absorption of fluoride ion by forming low-solubility complexes in the gastrointestinal tract. The second most common route of absorption is by way of the lungs. Pulmonary inhalation of fluoride present in dusts and gases constitutes the major route of indus-trial exposure. Autor of the post: Undefined Fluoride has been detected in all Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 23:08:29 +0000 There is evidence that inhalation of fluoride produces the same effects as the ingestion of fluoride (Hodge, 1964). A third, and relatively rare, route of absorption is through the skin (Burke et al, 1973).Fluoride has been detected in all organs and tis-sues examined; however, there is no evidence that it is concentrated in any tissues except bone, thyroid, aorta, and perhaps kidney (Armstrong, 1967). Autor of the post: Undefined Prolonged pe-riods of time Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 22:51:31 +0000 Fluoride is preponderantly deposited in the skeleton and teeth, and the degree of skeletal storage is re-lated to intake and age. This is thought to be a function of the turnover rate of skeletal components, with growing bone showing a greater fluoride depo-sition than bone in mature animals. Prolonged pe-riods of time are required for mobilization of fluo-ride from bone. Autor of the post: Undefined Under condi-tions of excessive sweating Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 22:33:30 +0000 Fluoride is accumulated by the aorta, and concentrations increase with age, probably re-flecting the calcification that occurs in this artery.The major route of fluoride excretion is by way of the kidneys; however, fluoride is also excreted in small amounts by the sweat glands, the lactating breast, and the gastrointestinal tract. Under condi-tions of excessive sweating, the fraction of total fluoride excretion contributed by sweating can reach nearly one half. Autor of the post: Undefined Pharmacological Actions Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 22:17:43 +0000 About 90% of the fluoride ion filtered by the glomerulus is reabsorbed by the renal tubules. Whether tubular secretion of fluoride occurs is unknown.Pharmacological Actions. Autor of the post: Undefined Fluoride is also a useful Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 22:00:08 +0000 The pharmacological actions of fluoride, with the possible exception of its effect on bone and teeth, can be classified as toxic.Fluoride is an inhibitor of several enzyme systems and diminishes tissue respiration and anaerobic glycolysis. Fluoride is also a useful anticoagulant in vitro and is of particular value when it is desired to stop biological activity, such as glycolysis, in erythrocytes. Autor of the post: Undefined There is an increase Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 21:43:25 +0000 The chronic administration of sodium fluoride in patients with idiopathic osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, and multiple myeloma promotes the reten-tion of calcium (Hodge and Smith, 1968). Fluoride treatment relieves bone pain and tends to strengthen and harden bone. There is an increase in the crystal-Unity as well as in the fluoride content of bone of patients thus treated, and the microscopic appearance of bone resembles that in patients suffering from chronic fluorosis. Autor of the post: Undefined Fur-ther studies are required Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 21:27:44 +0000 (For further detail, see Bierman, 1972; Jowsey et al, 1972.) Fluoride has also been used to treat otosclerosis and osteogenesis imperfecta (Castells, 1973; Daniel et al, 1973). Fur-ther studies are required to establish the efficacy of the anion in these disorders. 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