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Acute fluoride poisoning is not Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 21:11:26 +0000 The radioactive nuclide 18F has proven useful in bone imaging and the detection of bone metastases (Sharma and Quinn, 1972; Jones et al, 1973).Acute Poisoning. Acute fluoride poisoning is not rare. Autor of the post: Undefined Salivation, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 20:56:43 +0000 It usually results from the accidental ingestion of insecticides or rodenticides containing fluoride salts.Initial symptoms are secondary to the local action of fluoride on the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. Salivation, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea are frequent. Autor of the post: Undefined These signs are related Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 20:38:18 +0000 Systemic symptoms are varied and severe. The patient shows signs of in-creasing irritability of the nervous system, including paresthesias, a positive Chvostek sign, hyperactive reflexes, and tonic and clonic convulsions. These signs are related to the calcium-binding effect of fluoride. Autor of the post: Undefined Pain in various muscle groups Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 20:19:00 +0000 Hypocalcemia and hypoglycemia are fre-quent laboratory findings. The signs may be delayed for several hours. Pain in various muscle groups may occur. Autor of the post: Undefined Death usually results from either Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 20:04:47 +0000 The blood pressure falls, presumably due to central vasomotor depression as well as a direct toxic action on cardiac muscle. The respiratory center is first stimulated and later depressed. Death usually results from either respiratory paralysis or cardiac failure. Autor of the post: Undefined The principles of the treatment Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 19:50:36 +0000 It is stated that the lethal dose of sodium fluoride for man is about 5 g; however, recovery has been reported in patients ingesting much larger doses, whereas a dose as low as 2 g has been fatal (Arena, 1973). In children, as little as 0,5 g of sodium fluoride may be fatalTreatment. The principles of the treatment of fluoride poisoning have been outlined by Peters (1948). Autor of the post: Undefined (2) Start intravenous therapy Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 19:38:28 +0000 (See also Waldbott, 1963; Arena, 1973.) They are as follows: (1) Act quickly. (2) Start intravenous therapy with glucose in isotonic saline solution to maintain blood sugar and to have a venous channel available for transfusion in the event of shock. Autor of the post: Undefined (5) Maintain high urine volumes Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 19:20:47 +0000 » (3) Wash the stomach with limewater (0,15% calcium hydroxide solution) and then give limewater at fre-quent intervals. (4) Have calcium gluconate avail-able for intravenous administration and watch closely for signs of tetany. (5) Maintain high urine volumes with parenteral fluid. Autor of the post: Undefined In man, the major mani-festations Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 19:02:54 +0000 (6) Wash awayvomitus, feces, and urine promptly to prevent exter-nal burns.Chronic Poisoning. In man, the major mani-festations of the chronic ingestion of excessive amounts of fluoride are osteosclerosis and mottled enamel. Autor of the post: Undefined However, the mechanism of its Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 18:45:56 +0000 Chronic exposure to excess fluoride causes increased osteoblastic activity. Osteosclerosis is a phenomenon wherein the density and calcification of bone are increased; in the case of fluoride intoxi-cation, it is thought to represent the replacement of hydroxyapatite by the denser fluoroapatite. However, the mechanism of its development remains unknown. 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