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Sodium Fluoride, USP, Sodium Fluoride Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 15:58:19 +0000 There is no convincing evidence that fluoride from any source reduces the development of caries after the permanent teeth are completely formed (usually about age 14).Preparations and Uses. Sodium Fluoride, USP, Sodium Fluoride Solution, USP, Sodium Fluoride Tablets, USP, and Stannous Fluoride, USP, are official fluoride preparations. Autor of the post: Undefined SULFATEThe sulfate ion does not cross Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 15:41:11 +0000 The fluoride salts pres-ently employed in dentrifices are sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, and Sodium Fluoride and Ortho-phosphoric Acid Solution, N F Sodium fluoride, so-dium fluosilicate (Na2SiF6), and cryolite are the salts commonly used for insecticides.CHLORIDELittle need be said about the chloride ion at this point except to refer the reader to Chapter 36 for a complete discussion.SULFATEThe sulfate ion does not cross cell membranes readily, and its pharmacological properties resultfrom this relative impenetrability. Autor of the post: Undefined When sulfate salts are given Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 15:26:51 +0000 Radioactive sul-fate (35S) may be employed to measure the volume of the extracellular space. The parenteral adminis-tration of sulfates to augment urinary excretion of calcium is discussed in Chapter 37. When sulfate salts are given by mouth, they tend to be absorbed minimally and, hence, add water to the bowel, thus leading to diarrhea (see Chapter 49). Autor of the post: Undefined (For additional details on toxicological Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 15:12:14 +0000 NITRATEThe nitrate ion (N03~) has few clear-cut, specific pharmacological actions. Environmental nitrate and nitrite salts ingested in foods and water have been implicated in cases of methemoglobinemia. (For additional details on toxicological aspects of envi-ronmental nitrates, see Committee on Nutrition, 1970; Shearer et al, 1972; Chapter 34. Autor of the post: Undefined The use of Potassium Acetate Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 15:00:04 +0000 ) The discus-sion of the employment of nitrites and nitrates in the management of cardiovascular problems is pre-sented in Chapter 34.ACETATEThe acetate ion (CH3COO~) is used primarily as a vehicle with which to administer a cation. The use of Potassium Acetate, USP, is one way by which a potassium deficiency may be repaired. Autor of the post: Undefined Sodium acetate can be used Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 14:40:10 +0000 However, it must be remembered, as discussed in Chapter 36, that potassium deficiency may be difficult to repair if chloride is not given. Hence, if other sources of chloride are not available, the potassium is better administered as KC1, Other salts of acetate include sodium acetate and ammonium acetate. Sodium acetate can be used as an alkalinizing agent since acetate is rapidly metabolized. Autor of the post: Undefined In certain situations, Potassium Citrate Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 14:24:21 +0000 CITRATEThe citrate ion (CH2COO • COHCOO~ • CH2-COO~) is an intermediary in carbohydrate metabo-lism. It is of pharmacological interest for the follow-ing reasons: (1) it forms a soluble complex with calcium that is poorly dissociable, the property that is the basis of the use of citrate to prevent the coagu-lation of blood; and (2) its sodium salt is an effective alkalinizing agent used in the management of meta-bolic acidosis secondary to chronic renal insuffi-ciency or renal tubular acidosis. In certain situations, Potassium Citrate, N F, may be preferable. Autor of the post: Undefined Citrate is also of therapeutic value Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 14:13:28 +0000 Whole blood collected by blood banks is pre-vented from clotting mainly by the addition of Anti-coagulant Citrate Dextrose Solution, USP, contain-ing Citric Acid, USP, Sodium Citrate, USP, and Dextrose, USP Official variants are Anticoagulant Citrate Phosphate Dextrose Solution, USP, and Anticoagulant Sodium Citrate Solution, N F Since the addition of any of these solutions provides an excess of citrate ion over calcium ion in order to be effective, the question arises as to whether massive transfusions can result in citrate intoxication, the manifestations of which are those of hypocalcemia (Cooper et al, 1973). In cardiovascular surgical pro-cedures, the use of citrate-anticoagulated blood hasbeen shown to decrease plasma concentrations of magnesium as well as calcium ions (Killen et al, 1972).Citrate is also of therapeutic value in the allevia-tion of chronic metabolic acidosis such as results from chronic renal insufficiency or the syndrome of renal tubular acidosis (see Chapter 36). Autor of the post: Undefined OXALATEThe oxalate ion (COO"-COO^) has no Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 13:57:57 +0000 It is usually prescribed in the form of Sodium Citrate and Citric Acid Solution, USP (Shohl's solution). This prepa-ration has a direct irritating effect on oral mucous membranes and can cause necrotic and ulcerative lesions (Newell and Stone, 1974).OXALATEThe oxalate ion (COO"-COO^) has no therapeutic uses, and it is of pharmacological interest only because of its toxic properties. Autor of the post: Undefined In general, the symptoms of oxalate Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 13:45:05 +0000 It is toxic because it precipitates ionized calcium; furthermore, oxalic acid is a powerful corrosive agent.Potassium oxalate is the most important of the oxalate salts from a toxicological viewpoint, since it is widely available as a cleaning and bleaching agent.In general, the symptoms of oxalate poisoning are those of the local irritant effects and hypocalcemia (Arena, 1973). 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