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Oxalate is a product of intermediary Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 13:30:36 +0000 Acute renal failure may develop as a result of precipitation of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidney. In severe cases, the patient develops convulsions and becomes rapidly stuporous and unconscious.Oxalate is a product of intermediary metabolism. Autor of the post: Undefined Calcium oxalate is also deposited Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 13:14:30 +0000 Rarely, due to an inborn error of metabolism, the production and urinary excretion of the anion are excessive (Hagler and Herman, 1973). Persons with such a metabolic error (primary oxalosis) may form renal calculi consisting primarily of calcium oxalate. Calcium oxalate is also deposited in soft tissues throughout the body. Autor of the post: Undefined Oxaluria associated with disease Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 13:01:06 +0000 Although various therapeutic regimens for the correction of this disorder have been suggested, none has proven efficacious. Sec-ondary oxalosis occurs as a complication of chronic renal failure (Salyer and Keren, 1973). Oxaluria associated with disease or resection of the ileum is apparently due to increased intestinal absorption of oxalate and responds to a low-oxalate diet (Chad-wick et al, 1973). Autor of the post: Undefined Sodium bicarbonate should not Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 12:49:37 +0000 Treatment of oxalate poisoning consists in gastric lavage with limewater (0,15% calcium hydroxide solution) or other calcium salts. Diuresis should be stimulated and maintained by the administration of copious amounts of intravenous fluid to prevent deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in the renal tubules. Sodium bicarbonate should not be adminis-tered because sodium oxalate is readily absorbed and the systemic effects will become exaggerated. Autor of the post: Undefined The cyanate anion (NCO~) Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 12:30:39 +0000 TARTRATEThe tartrate ion (COO- CHOHCHOHCOO) is absorbed only minimally from the gastrointestinal tract and may, therefore, be employed with safety as a cathartic (see Chapter 49). If high concentrations gain access to the circulation, renal damage may result.The cyanate anion (NCO~) is of no known importance in normal biological function. Autor of the post: Undefined Preliminary clinical studies have demonstrated Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 12:12:25 +0000 However, it has been found to produce irreversible inhibition of red-blood-cell sickling following carbamylation of the amino-terminal valine residue of hemoglobin (Cerami and Manning, 1971). This reaction increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, which is believed to decrease the aggregation of hemoglobin S that occurs at low oxygen tensions (Cerami et al, 1973b; Jensen et al, 1973).Preliminary clinical studies have demonstrated that the life-span of the erythrocyte can be increased and that the hemolytic anemia is improved when patients with sickle-cell disease are treated chronically with cyanate, administered orally (Gillette et al, 1974). Autor of the post: Undefined There was an increase Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 11:53:47 +0000 The toxic effects that have been observed to date have been minor and include occasional gastrointestinal distress and drowsiness. In animal studies, pathological lesions have not been seen. There was an increase in the oxygen affinity of the blood of all species to which cyanate was administered (Cerami et al, 1973a). Autor of the post: Undefined It is not surprising, therefore Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 11:36:40 +0000 The value of cyanate in the chronic management of sickle-cell anemia or in the treatment of sickle-cell crisis must obviously await further investigation, but this possibility is of great interest.The important homeostatic role of the kidney in maintaining the volume and the composition of the body fluids has already been stressed in preceding chapters. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that drugs that alter renal function comprise a major and indispensable group of therapeutic agents. Autor of the post: Undefined Drugs that alter renal function Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 11:23:54 +0000 As knowledge of the fundamental physiological mechanisms of renal function has expanded, the number of drugs that affect specific renal tubular processes has grown in a parallel fashion. Indeed, in many instances the drug has provided the tool to elucidate the finer details of cellular mechanisms. Drugs that alter renal function fall into a variety of classes, depending on both the chemical nature of the drug and the specific renal function upon which it primarily acts. Autor of the post: Undefined It should also be noted Post Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2008 11:13:44 +0000 As anticipated, these drugs have wider therapeutic applications than would be included under the designation of diuretics. Therefore, in the following section, drugs with widely different clinical uses will be discussed together because their basic action is on the kidney. It should also be noted that the kidney is the major excretory organ for many therapeutic agents and their metabolites. 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