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A reflexly induced tachycardia Post Date: Sat, 11 Oct 2008 8:43:52 +0000 Oxytocin has a marked but transient, direct relaxing effect on vascular smooth muscle when large amounts are administered in man. A de-crease in systolic and especially diastolic blood pressure, flushing, and an increase inlimb blood flow are observed (Kitchin et al, 1959). A reflexly induced tachycardia and increase in cardiac output accompany the depressor phase. Autor of the post: Undefined The amounts of oxytocin administered Post Date: Sat, 11 Oct 2008 8:25:46 +0000 When high doses are in-fused continuously, the brief fall in blood pressure is followed by a small but much more sustained rise. With decreased activity of buffer reflexes, for example, during the concomitant use ofganglionic or sympathetic blocking agents, the fall in blood pressure may be more pronounced. The amounts of oxytocin administered for most obstetrical purposes are insufficient to produce marked alterations of blood pressure. Autor of the post: Undefined The hypotensive response Post Date: Sat, 11 Oct 2008 8:15:01 +0000 However, when very large doses are administered for thera-peutic abortion or during uterine surgery, a marked fall in arterial pressure may occur, particularly in deeply anesthetized patients. The smooth muscle of avian blood vessels is highly susceptible to the dilator effect. The hypotensive response of the chicken is the basis of the USP bioassay for oxytocin. Autor of the post: Undefined Infusions of oxytocin within Post Date: Sat, 11 Oct 2008 8:00:00 +0000 The vasodilator effect of oxytocin is inde-pendent of autonomic receptors. It is readily blocked by small amounts of vasopressin. Infusions of oxytocin within a "physio-logical" dose range have sometimes been found to cause a marked increase in renal blood flow in dogs (especially in hypo-physectomized dogs), an effect that is also blocked by low concentrations of vaso-pressin. Autor of the post: Undefined No predictable changes in electrolyte Post Date: Sat, 11 Oct 2008 7:48:47 +0000 (For further details of the cardio-vascular effects of oxytocin, see Pickford, 1961; Andersen et al, 1965.)Other Actions. No predictable changes in electrolyte excretion by the kidney occur in man during the administration of oxytocin, although an increase in sodium excretion is regularly seen when the hormone is given intravenously in experimental animals. Autor of the post: Undefined The smooth muscle of tissues Post Date: Sat, 11 Oct 2008 7:37:36 +0000 When large doses are required for thera-peutic purposes, an antidiuretic effect can occur due to the slight intrinsic ADH-like activity of the hormone. Signs of water in-toxication have been observed when exces-sive volumes of intravenous fluids have been administered during such procedures (Saunders and Munsick, 1966). The smooth muscle of tissues other than the uterus, blood vessels, and mammary myoepithelium is not sensitive to oxytocin. Autor of the post: Undefined If given orally, oxytocin Post Date: Sat, 11 Oct 2008 7:24:20 +0000 In experimental studies, oxytocin, like vasopressin, in high concen-trations has effects in numerous tissues thatare apparently irrelevant to its primary hor-monal actions (for references, see Farrell et al, 1968).Absorption, Fate, and Excretion. If given orally, oxytocin is inactivated by trypsin. Autor of the post: Undefined The ready absorption of oxytocin Post Date: Sat, 11 Oct 2008 7:04:50 +0000 However, it is effective after administration by any parenteral route. A less efficient but convenient route is the intranasal application of drops or a spray. The ready absorption of oxytocin from buccal lozenges also permits the use of the oral mucosa as a route of administration. Autor of the post: Undefined Vari-ous investigators have estimated it Post Date: Sat, 11 Oct 2008 6:52:51 +0000 The distribution and fate of oxytocin in the body are very like those of ADH (see Chap-ter 40). Its half-life in plasma is short. Vari-ous investigators have estimated it to be from 1 to several minutes, and even briefer in late pregnancy and during lactation. Autor of the post: Undefined Cell-free extracts of liver Post Date: Sat, 11 Oct 2008 6:35:36 +0000 Its rapid removal from plasma is accomplished largely by the kidney and the liver. The lactating mammary gland also inactivates a significant portion of the circulating hormone. Cell-free extracts of liver and kidney show far higher oxytocin-inactivating activity than do ex-tracts of other tissues. 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