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In 1824, Hosack wrote Post Date: Fri, 10 Oct 2008 20:02:18 +0000 The use of ergot spread rapidly in the United States, but its adoption in Europe was delayed, per-haps, as Barger (1931) has suggested, because the Old World had suffered too much from the poison-ous properties of ergot. The dangers attending the use of the drug, however, were soon recognized. In 1824, Hosack wrote that the number of stillborn children had increased so greatly since the introduc-tion of ergot that the Medical Society of New York instituted an inquiry. Autor of the post: Undefined " This astute observer recommended Post Date: Fri, 10 Oct 2008 19:42:35 +0000 Said Hosack, "The ergot has been called . pulvis ad partum; as it regards the child, it may, with almost equal truth be denomi-nated the pulvis ad mortem." This astute observer recommended that the drug be used only to control post-partum hemorrhage. Autor of the post: Undefined Two series of optically active Post Date: Fri, 10 Oct 2008 19:32:24 +0000 Thus, more than a century and a half ago, the indications and contraindications of ergot were accurately defined.Chemistry. Two series of optically active, isomeric alkaloids can be isolated from ergot. Autor of the post: Undefined The first isolation Post Date: Fri, 10 Oct 2008 19:20:17 +0000 The / forms (designated by the suffix "-ine") are pharmacologi-cally active; the d forms (designated by the suffix "-inine"), completely inactive. The former are believed to be naturally occurring alkaloids; the latter result from chemical manipulations. The first isolation of a crystalline, pharmacologically active sub-stance from ergot was accomplished in 1906 by Barger, Carr, and Dale as well as by Kraft. Autor of the post: Undefined What ultimately proved Post Date: Fri, 10 Oct 2008 19:08:36 +0000 This material was called ergotoxine. It is now known to be a mixture of three alkaloids, which have been designated ergocristine, ergocomine, and ergokryp-tine. What ultimately proved to be the first pure ergot alkaloids were obtained by Stoll in 1920, namely, a pharmacologically active compound, ergotamine, and its inactive isomer, ergotaminine. Autor of the post: Undefined All are derivatives of lysergic Post Date: Fri, 10 Oct 2008 18:52:41 +0000 Subsequently, ergonovine and then ergosine were isolated.The chemical structure of the alkaloids of ergot has been elucidated largely by the work of Stoll and his associates, following their extensive contribution to the isolation of these substances, and of Jacobs and Craig and their coworkers (see Stoll, 1950; Stoll et al, 1951). All are derivatives of lysergic acid, an indole compound. Autor of the post: Undefined The alkaloids of higher molecular Post Date: Fri, 10 Oct 2008 18:32:45 +0000 Their structures are shown in Table 42-1, The optical isomerism is due to the presence of two asymmetrical carbon atoms (posi-tions 5 and 8 in the formulas, Table 42-1) in the lysergic acid portion of the molecule. Ergonovine and its derivatives upon hydrolysis yield lysergic acid and an amine; consequently, they are designated as amine alkaloids. The alkaloids of higher molecular weight upon hydrolysis yield proline and one other amino acid and are known as amino acid alkaloids. Autor of the post: Undefined These have been designated dihydroergota-mine Post Date: Fri, 10 Oct 2008 18:20:01 +0000 The variety of the ergot alkaloids is further ex-tended by several types of semisynthetic derivatives. One of the double bonds of lysergic acid (C 9 to Ñ 10) can be selectively saturated; in this manner a series of stable dihydrogenated alkaloids is obtained. These have been designated dihydroergota-mine, dihydroergocristine, and so forth, and possess somewhat different pharmacological properties than do the parent alkaloids. Autor of the post: Undefined Methylation of the indole nitrogen Post Date: Fri, 10 Oct 2008 18:02:07 +0000 In addition, it is possible to combine lysergic acid with different amines than those linked to it in nature. Two products of this series, lysergic acid diethylamide and lysergic acid hydroxybutylamide (methylergonovine), are of pharmacological interest. Methylation of the indole nitrogen of the latter compound yields 1-methyl-methylergonovine (methysergide). Autor of the post: Undefined The pharmacological actions of the ergot Post Date: Fri, 10 Oct 2008 17:45:04 +0000 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIESThe ergot alkaloids fall into three groups pharmacologically as well as chemically: (1) the amino acid alkaloids, (2) the dihydrogen-ated amino acid alkaloids, and (3) the amine alkaloids. Inasmuch as the actions of theindividual members of each group differ but little, ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, and ergonovine can be taken as prototypes.The pharmacological actions of the ergot alkaloids are varied and complex; some ac-tions are completely unrelated, and some are even mutually antagonistic. 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